Aliens

Osis, Kārlis (1917.-?), parapsihologs

Viens no retajiem pētniekiem, kurš pievērsās parapsiholoģijai. 

Radniecība. Sieva - Klāra Zāle, dzejniece.

Dzīvesgājums. Dzimis 1917.gada 26.decembrī Allažos, Zvirgzdu mājās.
Interesējās par parapsiholoģiju jau jaunībā.
Latvijas universitātē studējis filozofiju, psiholoģiju un literatūru.
II Pasaules kara gados bēgļu gaitas viņu aizveda uz Vāciju, 1950.gadā Kārlis Osis Minhenes universitātē aizstāvēja disertāciju par tēmu "Ārpus juteklisko apjautu teorētiskās problēmas." Kopā ar viņu trimdā bija devusies arī dzīvesbiedre - romantiski noskaņotā dzejniece Klāra Zāle.
1957.gadā abi pārcēlās uz ASV, kur Kārlis sešus gadus darbojās kā Ņujorkas Parapsiholoģijas fonda priekšsēdētājs, bet vēlāk kā ASV Djūka universitātes pētnieks. Viņš pētīja ārpus jutekliskās apjautas. Kopā ar īslandiešu domubiedru psihologu Erlenduru Haraldsonu pētnieka izpētes objekti sniedzās līdz pat Indijai.
Kārļa Oša un Klāras Zāles kopdzīve pēc emigrācijas uz ASV nebija sevišķi laimīga, jo Kārlis Osis savā būtībā vispirms bija zinātnieks un tikai pēc tam vīrs un draugs.

Just before he began high school, he came down with tuberculosis, which in those days before penicillin was often a death sentence. He had no choice but to lie in bed and rest and it was then that he had his first profound psychic experience. As he later described it:

It was dusk in my room when it happened. All of a sudden a tremendous wave of joy, of such an unusual quality, came over me. I had not heard of anything like it before. The room seemed to fill with white light; not something by which one can read, but ‘light’ is the closest word I can find to describe it – living light – not only in the room but also in me, filling me up to my fingertips. Then the door opened and a relative announced, ‘Auntie just died’. My experience and her death were surely simultaneous.1

This experience set Osis ‘onto the road of research. Belief was not enough; I had to know’, he later wrote.2

There were other experiences also. His grandfather had an unusual dream, in which he put boots on the feet of the Latvian president. The dream greatly perplexed him, but it turned out to be a symbolic foreshadowing of the president’s visit to their area two days later.

On his visit, the president recognized Osis’s grandfather as someone he had met earlier in his career, when he had taught new agricultural techniques to farmers in the region. Seeing how well they had applied his instruction, he got out of his car to greet Osis’s grandfather, then returned two weeks later with half his cabinet and a press entourage. The story, along with a photograph of Osis’s grandfather with the president, made the newspaper's front page. Although the president wore regular shoes, not boots, the precognitive aspect of the dream impressed Osis as well as his grandfather.3

University Studies
Osis barely avoided being conscripted by the German army when they occupied Latvia from 1941 to 1944 during World War II. He fled Latvia at the close of the war, because the Soviet Union had annexed his country as the Latvian SSR. After difficult travels through war-ravaged Europe, he found a safe haven in a refugee camp in the American part of the Allied Occupation Zone in southern Germany.4

Osis enrolled at the University of Munich. There he encountered The Reach of the Mind by JB Rhine, an account of research with card guessing and dice throwing at the Parapsychology Laboratory at Duke University in the United States. Intrigued, he had decks of ESP cards manufactured by a blueprint company and experimented with his fellow students. The statistically significant results they obtained convinced Osis of the validity of Rhine’s research. His doctoral thesis on theories of ESP was accepted in 1950.5

Immigration
Osis married in 1951 and applied to the American displaced persons immigration program. He and his new wife were accepted and sent to Tacoma, Washington, where Osis was assigned to work at a sawmill.6

Osis’s English was then so poor that he decided to experiment with animals other than humans. He placed some grain at one end of a long table, then released hens in the middle of the table and willed them to go either towards or away from the grain. He chose left if a black card came up in a well-shuffled deck, right if a white card came up. At the end of the experiment, he checked his results, and found that the hens had gone in the direction he had willed often enough to give him ‘moderately significant scores’ in the willed direction.7

Parapsychology
Osis mailed the results of his hen experiment to Rhine, who invited him to come to his Parapsychology Laboratory.8 He remained at the Parapsychology Laboratory as a research associate from late 1951 until 1957.9 While there, he conducted ESP studies with cats that were published in Rhine’s Journal of Parapsychology.10

After leaving Rhine, Osis went to the Parapsychology Foundation in New York, where he served as Director of Research until 1962.11 During this period, he collaborated with Montague Ullman and Douglas Dean on a study of ESP in dreams, helping to develop a 'free response' methodology that contrasted with the ‘forced-choice’ card guessing experiments Rhine used and which until then had dominated experimental research in parapsychology.12

In 1962, Osis moved across town to the American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR), at that time a leader in American psi research strategies alternative to those favoured by Rhine. The ASPR was supported by Chester Carlson, founder of the Xerox Corporation. Osis was made Chester Carlson Research Fellow and the ASPR’s Director of Research.13

At the ASPR, Osis conducted some his most important studies, some experimental, but increasingly also questionnaire and field research on spontaneous experiences. He was greatly interested in questions of survival, of ‘other-worldly’ experiences and altered states of consciousness. For him, the ‘other world’ was never far away, and this is reflected in his studies of mediums, apparitions, deathbed visions, and out-of-body experiences.

Osis’s many friends were found not only amongst parapsychologists, but almost equally amongst leading scholars of consciousness and religious experiences, such as Aldous Huxley, Walter Huston Clark, and others of the early researchers of psychedelic substances. Osis was a welcome guest at their conferences. He cherished the ‘wider view’ and parapsychology was for him ‘my window to something more’.14

Osis was a founding member of the Parapsychological Association (established in 1957) and its fourth president in 1961-62. He regularly attended PA conventions and presented numerous papers at them.15

Personal Notes
Osis became a naturalized American citizen in 1959.16 He died on his eightieth birthday, 26 December 1997, and was survived by his wife and their three children.17 Several of his friends and colleagues contributed tributes to a special issue of the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research.18

Parapsychological Research
Experimental Tests of ESP
Osis was an innovative experimenter who made contributions to several areas of psi research. Besides his studies of ESP in animals, while at Rhine’s Parapsychology Laboratory and at the ASPR he studied the impacts of distance on ESP, finding, contrary to expectation, that results fell off with distance.19 He also studied precognition,20 the relation of ESP to creativity,21 and examined whether ESP was enhanced by meditation.22 His work with Montague Ullman and Douglas Dean led to the studies of ESP in dreams at Maimonides Hospital in the 1970s23 and to Ganzfeld protocols widely employed in parapsychology today.24 While he was with Rhine, Osis also examined the relationship between ESP and psychokinesis (PK), testing Rhine's theory that these two aspects of psi operated together.25

Postmortem Survival and Deathbed Visions
Over the years, Osis’s research interests shifted towards postmortem survival and he carried out studies of poltergeists and with mediums.26 He may be best known for his questionnaire and interview studies of visions reported to nurses and physicians by patients near death or dying (deathbed visions).

Osis conducted his first study of deathbed visions while at the Parapsychology Foundation and wrote up his results for the PF’s monograph series.27 Later, when he was at the ASPR, he and Erlendur Haraldsson conducted a similar study in India, supplying a cross-cultural comparison. Osis and Haraldsson reported their research in At the Hour of Death, a book which has become a classic and remains in print.28

Sathya Sai Baba
While Osis and Haraldsson were in India, they visited Sathya Sai Baba, the Indian spiritual leader noted for materializing objects out of the air, bilocation, and other psychic feats. Although they were unable to persuade him to participate in controlled testing, they were witness to some extraordinary events and wrote two journal papers about their observations.29

Osis identified these experiences with Sai Baba as those that had most challenged his ‘boggle threshold’.30 Pressed to explain why he would not submit to scientific investigation of his abilities, Sai Baba materialized a gold ring with a photo of himself embedded in it and presented it to Osis, saying, ‘That is my experiment’. The next time Osis and Haraldsson visited him, he caused the photo miraculously to vanish, leaving the rest of the ring intact.

Out-of-Body Experiences
Osis and Haraldsson presented a paper at a meeting of the Parapsychological Association on OBEs in connection with Sai Baba and another Indian swami, Dadaji.31 Osis also investigated OBEs in a series of experiments at the ASPR, working with psychics Alex Tanous and Ingo Swann, who claimed to be able to go out of body at will and to observe and interact with things at the distant locations to which they travelled.32 In one study, Swann’s EEG readings were sampled both during periods when he was trying to go out-of-body and when he was not. The mean EEG amplitude was found to be higher during the OB periods.33

In another experiment, Tanous, lying in a darkened, sound-attenuated room, was asked to go out-of-body and view the image displayed in a specially-constructed eighteen-inch cube suspended from the ceiling. Sensitive strain-gauge sensors were placed in front of the viewing window. In 197 trials over twenty sessions, Tanous called the image correctly 114 times and incorrectly 93 times The strain gauge was affected on the same trials as the ‘hits’ were made. Osis interpreted these results as supporting Rhine’s contention that ESP and PK go together, as well as of the possibility for consciousness to separate from the body.34

Works
Books
Deathbed Observations by Physicians and Nurses (1961). (Parapsychological Monographs No. 3). New York: Parapsychology Foundation.

At the Hour of Death (1977, with Erlendur Haraldsson). New York: Avon Books.

At the Hour of Death: A New Look at Evidence for Life after Death (3rd ed.) (1997, with Erlendur Haraldsson). [Revised ed. of At the Hour of Death, Avon Books, New York.] Norwalk, Connecticut, USA: Hastings House. [Reprinted 2012 by White Crow Books, Hove, UK.]

Articles
Osis's more important articles are listed in the Literature section, below. A comprehensive bibliography of his works,35 published in the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research in 1998, may be viewed here.

James G Matlock and Erlendur Haraldsson

Literature
Alvarado, C.S., & White, R.A. (1998). A bibliography of the publications of Karlis Osis. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 92, 233-40.

Berger, A. (1988). Karlis Osis. In Lives and Letters in American Parapsychology: A Biographical History, 1850-1987, 315-16. Jefferson, North Caolina, USA: McFarland.

Haraldsson, E. (1997). In memory of Karlis Osis. Journal of Parapsychology 61, 253-55.

Haraldsson, E., & Osis, K. (1977). The appearance and disappearance of objects in the presence of Sri Sathya Sai Baba. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 71, 33-43.

Osis, K. (1952). A test of the occurrence of a psi effect between man and the cat. Journal of Parapsychology 16, 233-56.

Osis, K. (1953). A test of the relationship between ESP and PK. Journal of Parapsychology 17, 298-309.

Osis, K. (1955). Precognition over time intervals of one to thirty-three days. Journal of Parapsychology 19, 82-91.

Osis, K. (1956). ESP tests at long and short distances. Journal of Parapsychology 20, 81-95.

Osis, K. (1966). Linkage experiments with mediums. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 60, 92-124.

Osis, K. (1978). Out-of-body research at the American Society for Psychical Research. In Mind beyond the Body: The Mystery of ESP Projection, ed. by D. Scott Rogo. New York: Penguin Books.

Osis, K. (1985). Contributions in recognitions of the the ASPR's centenary: The American Society for Psychical Research 1941-1985: A personal view. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 79, 501-30.

Osis, K. (1987). The paranormal: My window to something more. In Men and Women in Parapsychology: Personal Reflections, ed. by R. Pilkington, 120-36. Jefferson, North Carolina, USA: McFarland.

Osis, K., & Bokert, E. (1971). ESP and changed states of consciousness induced by meditation. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 65, 17-65.

Osis, K., Bokert, E, & Carlson, M.L. (1973). Dimensions of the meditative experience. Transpersonal Psychology 5, 109-35.

Osis, K., & Foster, E.B. (1953). A test of ESP in cats. Journal of Parapsychology 17, 168-86.

Osis, K., & Haraldsson, E. (1976). OOBEs in Indian swamis: Sathya Sai Baba and Dadaji. In Research in Parapsychology 1975, ed. by J.D. Morris, W.G. Roll, & R.L. Morris, 147-50. Metcuhen, New Jersey, USA: Scarecrow Press.

Osis, K., & Haraldsson, E. (1977). At the Hour of Death. New York: Avon Books.

Osis, K., & McCormick, D. (1980). Kinetic effects at the ostensible location of an out-of-body projection during perceptual testing. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 74, 319-30.

Osis, K., & McCormick, D. (1982). A poltergeist case without an indentifiable living agent. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 76, 23-51.

Osis, K., & Mitchell, J. (1977). Physiological correlates of reported out-of-body experiences. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 49, 525-36.

Osis, K., & Pienaar, D.C. (1956). ESP over a distance of seventy-five hundred miles. Journal of Parapsychology 20, 239-32.

Osis, K., & Turner, M.E., Jr. (1968). Distance and ESP: A transcontinental experiment. Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research 27, 1-48.

Osis, K., Turner, M.E., Jr., & Carlson, M.L. (1971). ESP over distance: Research on the ESP channel. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 65, 245-88.

Pleasants, H. (1964). Osis, Karlis. In Biographical Dictionary of Parapsycholoigy. 231-32. New York: Helix Press.

Rhine, J.B. (1947). The Reach of the Mind. New York: William Sloane.

Shepard, L. (1984). Osis, Karlis (1917- ). In Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology (2nd ed.), vol. 2, 987. Detroit, Michigan, USA: Gale Research Co.

Various (1998). Tributes to Karlis Osis. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 62, 203-40.

Darbi.
"Ārpusjuteklisko apjautu teorētiskās problēmas." Disertācija, kas aizstāvēta 1950.gadā Minhenes universitātē.

“Nāves brīdī.” (At the Hour of Death) 1977.g. Starptautiski atzīts pētījums. Tajā kopumā ir izanalizēti 1004 pirmsnāves redzējumi, kuru laikā slimnieki, kuri vēlāk ar klīniskās reanimācijas metodēm tika atgriezti šajā realitātē, stāstīja par brīnišķīgiem dārziem, pļavām, vārtiem, caur kuriem var saskatīt skaistas lauku ainavas un pilsētas. Kārlis Osis secināja, ka šo klīniskās nāves vīziju raksturu nevar izskaidrot tikai ar ārstnieciskām procedūrām vai slimību izraisītām halucinācijām, jo lielāko daļu no tām slimnieki uztvēra, atrodoties pie pilnas samaņas. Pētnieki atzīmēja, ka 80 procentos gadījumu aizgājēji redz mirušo tēlus, turklāt 75 procentos tie sauc aizgājējus sev līdzi uz citu pasauli.
Savulaik tas ieguva plašu atzinību kā pirmais zinātniskais pētījums starptautiskā mērogā par vīzijām, cilvēkam mirstot.

Kādu laiku bijis zinātniskais direktors Ņujorkas fondā “Parapsychology Foundation,” vēlāk strādājis par pētnieku “American Society for Psychical Research.” Vairākas pētnieka grāmatas izdotas ne tikai ASV, bet arī citās valstīs.

Saites.
Parapsiholoģija.

Saskaņā ar ārstu un medmāsu ziņojumiem pacienti uz nāves sliekšņa pārsvarā nav izjutuši bailes. Biežāk novērota diskomforta sajūta, sāpes vai vienaldzība, bet 20 procenti no slimajiem izjutuši pat dvēseliska pacēluma sajūtu. Pārsteidzoša bija atziņa, ka mirstošajiem bieži vien bijušas vīzijas ar abstraktu saturu. Tikai dažas no tām atbilda tradicionālajām reliģiskajām koncepcijām, iemiesojot debesis, paradīzi, mūžīgo pilsētu. Interesanti, ka vairākumā vīziju aizsaule nebūt nebija iztēlota kā vienpusīga tiesas vieta, bet gan drīzāk kā sfēra turpmākajai personības attīstībai maksimālas pašrealizācijas virzienā.

Lielākajai daļai pacientu smadzeņu darbību neietekmēja ne sedatīvi vai kādi citi preparāti, ne arī augsta temperatūra. Tikai neliels skaits pacientu slimoja ar kaitēm (smadzeņu traumām, smadzeņu bojājumiem, garīgām slimībām, urēmiju), kas varēja šīs vīzijas izprovocēt. Lielākā daļa pacientu atradās pie pilnas apziņas, skaidri saprotot apkārt notiekošo un adekvāti reaģējot uz to. Pārsteidzoši, ka vīziju raksturīgās pazīmes bija apbrīnojami universālas - tās nebija atkarīgas no fizioloģiskajiem, kultūras vai personiskajiem faktoriem.

- Es izjutu pilnīgu mieru, manī nebija it nekādu baiļu. Šķita, es atrodos tunelī, kas sastāv no koncentriskiem stūriem, - atcerējās kāda sieviete, kura bija smagi slima ar kādu sirds kaiti. Savukārt meitene, kas cietusi smagā avārijā, stāstīja: - It kā no malas mašīnā varēju redzēt savu sakropļoto ķermeni, bet savādi, ka manī pret to nebija nekādu izjūtu - it kā šis ķermenis piederētu kādam citam cilvēkam vai arī tas būtu vienkārši priekšmets.

Šīs ir tikai nedaudzas liecības, kas Kārlim Osim sniedza pamatu izvirzīt jautājumu - vai varētu būt tā, ka cilvēka personība turpina pastāvēt arī pēc fiziskās nāves? "Mēs jautājām - vai cilvēks tiešām var atstāt savu ķermeni uz laiku (kā eksperimentos, kuros dvēsele atdalās no ķermeņa) vai arī pastāvīgi (kā nāves brīdī)?" rakstīja zinātnieks, atzīstot, ka pats kādreiz ir bijis skeptiķis, bet tagad ir pārliecināts, ka dzīve pēc nāves ir īstenība, kaut arī pārjutekliska.

Vai ir dzīve pēc nāves? Laikam jau neviens uz šo jautājumu nespēs sniegt absolūti viennozīmīgu atbildi. Tomēr nevar noliegt, ka ikvienam ir tiesības pārdzīvot mūžības elpu viņam pašam vispiemērotākajā veidā, un tad jau cita pasaule rādās pavisam reāla...